West Nile Virus, 2003 - States with Equine Cases Extension Horse Specialist, Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University. Horses may also become hypersensitive to sights, sounds, and touch. West Nile virus will be a threat to horses as long as a virus reservoir remains in the bird population, as is the case with Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Before arriving in Long Island, New York, in 1999, it was widely distributed in Africa, the Middle East, southwest Asia, and parts of Europe. While passerine birds serve as the primary reservoir for the virus, natural or experimental infection, with or without clinical signs of disease, has been documented in a variety of mammals and reptiles.
This page requires Javascript. In the unlikely instance where a vaccinated horse contracts the disease, the severity of the disease and the chances for recovery are significantly better than for unvaccinated horses.It is recommended to administer the horse’s annual booster vaccination just prior to the start of “mosquito season” in your area.
West Nile Fever (also known as West Nile encephalitis) is an inflammation of the central nervous system that is caused by infection by West Nile Virus (WNV). West Nile Virus, 2006 - States with Equine Cases Definition West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus.
Spickler, A.R.
2007. WNV mortality rate is about 35%. 2017. Although the process is not well understood, the virus may overwinter, in dormant mosquitoes that survive the winter or in birds, to reintroduce the virus in the following year when environmental conditions favor transmission.Since there is no treatment for WNV (other than supportive care), it is best to prevent disease occurrence through vaccination. The incubation period of WNV infection is usually 5-22 days. These mosquitoes become infected by feeding on infected birds, and then transmit the virus when they bite an equine or human (Figure 1). Although many West Nile virus infections in horses last only a short time and result in no illness or mild signs with a complete recovery, the disease can be deadly. Wild birds serve as the host reservoir.
West Nile virus is a disease of wild birds that is maintained in the avian population by mosquitoes that use birds as their preferred blood meal hosts. The West Nile virus has an incubation period of three to fourteen days, although many people exhibit no symptoms. The incubation period in horses (the time from infection with WNV to onset of clinical symptoms) is three to 15 days.
About 1 in 5 people who are infected develop a fever with other symptoms such as headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash. Since 1999, more than 27,600 U.S. horses have been confirmed with WNV neuro-invasive disease with an estimated average case-fatality rate of 30–40%. In areas of the country where the long mosquito season may outlast the duration of protective immunity provided by annual vaccination, horses may require more frequent booster vaccinations to maintain adequate protection. West Nile virus reached the west coast of the United States in 2002 and was responsible for more than 14,000 diagnosed equine cases that year. The Merck veterinary manual [Online]. American Association of Equine Practitioners. There is great concern for WNV as a zoonotic disease of humans. Mosquitoes acquire the virus from infected birds and transmit it. West Nile Virus, 1999 - States with Equine Cases West Nile Virus, 2000 - States with Equine Cases
American Association of Equine Practitioners. It is important that equine owners consult their veterinarian to develop a vaccination program for WNV and other mosquito-borne diseases that fits their individual needs and risk of exposure.
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