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0000025557 00000 n The epidermis (green) has been intensely colored to allow visualization of atria; internal structures are semi-hidden. Appreciating the correct motor pattern is important to correctly interpret how the circuits work. Critical revision of the manuscript: F. Gasparini RB.For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Subsequently, CNS, PNS (also described as "epidermal"), and non-neuronal ependymal and support cells are all mixed in together in the descriptions. This is just the beginning of how the presentation gets the reader off the track. Our data have a strong nested structure (each species includes multiple populations, and each population includes multiple clutches). 0000016261 00000 n without any explicit and rigorous description of the criteria by which these decisions were made.The authors report a measure of synaptic strength that depends on the number of sections containing a presynaptic profile. These neurons are part of a neuronal circuit with dynamics resembling those of a ring attractor.
Dianne Nicol (Tasmania), Janice Imai (and Ayami Matsushima (Fukuoka) for their video images of larval swimming, and Ms Jane Anne Horne for assistance with computer techniques. As we don't know whether these are neurons, ependymal, or other support cells, we don't really know that "the entire CNS included 177 neurons". A line through the midline of the CNS drawn from the ventral to dorsal surfaces through the neural canal was used to classify nuclei as left or right. You may still download the video for offline viewing.The tail lacks segmentation and in the 2 hr hatchling larva oscillates at 20–30 Hz at the juncture with the rostral trunk (A single larva was prepared for electron microscopy (EM) and a long continuous series of cross sections cut. On the other hand, we think helical movement bears importantly on the pattern of illumination it provides to the ocelli, when the shadow of the pigment crosses the outer segments.
0000003656 00000 n We do not understand how our text could have been misinterpreted to indicate that a motor neuron projecting on the left side can synapse on muscles both on the left and right sides of the body, but must accept that it was unclear to the reviewer.
Ciona intestinalis is a large solitary sea squirt which grows up to 15 cm in length.
We really mean ancestral, but all features of known nervous systems derive from extant species that don’t allow observation of ancestral forms. sec) provided for each motor neuron and left:right ratios expressed as percentages of neuromuscular junction input from left and right partners for each motor neuron pair.Motor neurons also form synapses with each other, with some further asymmetries between connections on the left and right sides (The synaptic strengths (see Materials and methods) of the interneuron network on left and right sides are also asymmetrical (Sidedness in the neural network of the motor ganglion is also evident in the synaptic connections between interneurons and motor neurons (Pathways shown are between motor neurons (MNs), descending ipsilateral interneurons (MGINs) and descending mid-tail neurons. Recently, molecular studies suggested the presence of cryptic species hidden within the C. intestinalis species, namely C. intestinalis type A and type B. 0000035629 00000 n
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