"

The results of the study, led by Rob Condon, marine scientist at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab (DISL) in Alabama, appear in the latest issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

"Locals told me the carpet of jellyfish, known as a bloom, was not an isolated case. (Copyright: Getty Images)A diver highlights the size of the huge Echizen, or Nomura jellyfish regularly found off the coast of northern Japan.

Given the potential damage posed by jellyfish blooms to fisheries, tourism and other human industries, the findings of the group foretell recurrent phases of rise and fall in jellyfish populations that society should be prepared to face.

"It might be a good quick-fix for socio-economic reasons, but we don't know what environmental effects destroying blooms could have," he says.

"But there are also areas where jellyfish numbers have remained stable, fluctuated over decadal periods, or actually decreased over time. So, despite JEDI's efforts, no one can say for sure whether blooms are increasing or not.Dealing with blooms where they do turn up is tricky.

We constructed dummy tags of different densities (i.e. (Copyright: Shin-ichi Uye, Hiroshima University)

Some species of jelly can clone themselves, whereas others reproduce sexually but also have a polyp stage – like corals, with which they are related – that allows large populations of immature individuals to multiply while waiting for the right conditions to mature into adulthood.

Rob Condon, a marine scientist at Dauphin Island Sea Lab in Alabama, says that the pontoons, piers and even drilling platforms help provide anchors for jellyfish polyps, encouraging local population explosions.But Condon, who set up a global jellyfish database initiative (the wonderfully named The JEDI team of more than 20 scientists has now compiled over half a million reports dating back to 1790, and found "Gathering data on jellyfish, though, is notoriously difficult.

"The more we know, the better we can manage oceanic ecosystems or respond accurately to future effects of climate change," Duarte said.

Increased speculation and discrepancies about current and future jellyfish blooms by the media and in climate and science reports formed the motivation for the study.

There, refrigerator-sized gelatinous monsters called Nomuras, weighing 485lb (220 kg) and measuring 6.5ft (2m) in diameter, have swarmed the Japan Sea annually since 2002, clogging fishing nets, overturning trawlers and devastating coastal livelihoods.

Japanese fishermen initially tried chopping them up in the waters, only to discover that the Nomura's defence strategy is to release its sperm and eggs, thus propagating the problem.

Using collated medical records of stings and local weather conditions, we show that the presence of Irukandji blooms in coastal waters can be forecast on the basis of wind conditions.

To date, media and scientific opinion for the current perception of a global increase in jellyfish was evidenced by a few local and regional case studies.

"Jellyfish are an important food source for apex predators, and if we start tinkering with the natural bloom system, we don't know what the ripple-down effects may be." In 2009, Australian marine scientist Anthony Richardson and his colleagues published a research paper entitled The problem is that no one really knows what causes the blooms.

Jellyfish blooms have clogged the cooling intakes of power plants, resulting in total shutdowns; they can destroy fishing nets and spoil catches.

From UCSB's Office of Public Affairs

Jellyfish can thrive in areas with lower oxygen levels, where other animals suffer. We performed a simple experiment to obtain a first estimate of the maximum submerged weight of a logger that can be deployed on a jellyfish.

Before we can decide on appropriate management plans, we first need to increase our understanding of the roles that jellyfish play in the marine ecosystem to reduce incidental impacts on other marine organisms. (Copyright: Getty Images)Clearing waters from huge Nomura infestations has become a regular event in Japan. "Clearly, there are areas where jellyfish have increased; the situation with the Giant Jellyfish in Japan and parts of the Mediterranean are classic examples," Condon said. "

Fishing has depleted the global stocks of some of the jellyfish’s natural predators – such as tuna and swordfish – and some they compete with for food – such as anchovies. Last year alone, Perhaps the most extraordinary blooms have been those occurring in waters off Japan.

"The important aspect about our work is that we have provided the long-term baseline backed with all data available to science, which will enable scientists to build on and eventually repeat these analyses in a decade or two from now, to determine whether there has been a real increase in jellyfish.


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